![]() For example, how can a computer be designed to prevent fatigue and eye strain in people? What arrangement of an assembly line makes production most efficient? What is a reasonable workload? Most engineering psychologists work in industry, but some are employed by the government, particularly the Department of Defense. They consider a variety of factors, such as human abilities, student motivation and the effect on the classroom of the diverse races, ethnicities and cultures that make up America.Įngineering psychologists conduct research on how people work best with machines. But as life expectancy in this country approaches 80 years, developmental psychologists are becoming increasingly interested in aging, especially in researching and developing ways to help older people stay as independent as possible.Įducational psychologists concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place. Until recently, the primary focus was on childhood and adolescence, the most formative years. They believe that behavior is affected by many things, including qualities of the individual (e.g., psychological, physical or spiritual factors) and factors in the person’s environment (e.g., family, society and cultural groups).ĭevelopmental psychologists study the psychological development of the human being that takes place throughout life. Counseling psychologists help people understand and take action on career and work problems, they pay attention to how problems and people differ across the lifespan, and they have great respect for the influence of differences among people (such as race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability status) on psychological well-being. They do counseling/psychotherapy, teaching and scientific research with individuals of all ages, families and organizations (e.g., schools, hospitals, businesses). Community psychologists blend research and practice, partnering with diverse citizens to plan and implement community changes, advance social justice and use research to inform and evaluate this work.Ĭounseling psychologists help people recognize their strengths and resources to cope with everyday problems and serious adversity. Examples of community psychology interventions include improving support for hurricane victims, partnering with neighborhoods to prevent crime, collaborating with schools to prevent bullying and helping change policies to improve health outcomes. Instead of helping individuals cope with negative circumstances (e.g., trauma, poverty), community psychologists help empower people to change those circumstances, prevent problems and develop stronger communities. ![]() They help people access resources and collaborate with others to improve their lives and communities. Cognitive and perceptual psychologists frequently collaborate with behavioral neuroscientists to understand the biological bases of perception or cognition or with researchers in other areas of psychology to better understand the cognitive biases in the thinking of people with depression, for example.Ĭommunity psychologists work to strengthen the abilities of communities, settings, organizations and broader social systems to meet people’s needs. Cognitive psychologists also study reasoning, judgment and decision making. Cognitive psychologists are interested in questions such as how the mind represents reality, how people learn and how people understand and produce language. They also consult with physicians on physical problems that have underlying psychological causes.Ĭognitive and perceptual psychologists study human perception, thinking and memory. Others focus on specific populations - for instance, youths familes or couples ethnic minority groups gay, lesbian,bisexual and transgender individuals or older people. Some clinical psychologists treat specific problems exclusively, such as phobias or clinical depression. These range from short-term crises, such as difficulties resulting from adolescent conflicts, to more severe, chronic conditions, such as schizophrenia.
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